SAP Cloud Platform Integration provides a cloud-based architecture for connecting SAP applications, non-SAP systems, APIs, databases, and external services. It provides the tools required to receive, process, transform, route, monitor, and deliver business data between connected systems.
SAP Cloud Platform Integration is commonly called SAP CPI. It is now part of SAP Integration Suite, where the integration capability is known as Cloud Integration. Its architecture supports different integration patterns, communication protocols, data formats, authentication methods, and deployment models.
Understanding the architecture is important for developers, integration consultants, administrators, and organizations planning SAP integration projects. The main concepts include integration flows, sender and receiver systems, adapters, message processing, mappings, security, monitoring, runtime components, and Destinations.
What Is SAP Cloud Platform Integration Architecture?
SAP Cloud Platform Integration architecture defines how applications communicate through the integration platform.
A basic architecture contains three major areas: the source system, the integration layer, and the target system.
Source System → SAP Cloud Platform Integration → Target System
The source system sends information to SAP Cloud Platform Integration. The platform processes the message according to the configured integration flow. The processed message is then delivered to the target system.
For example, SAP S/4HANA can send an order to an external logistics application. The integration platform can receive the message, validate the information, transform the data structure, and send it to the logistics system.
The architecture can also support more complex scenarios involving multiple systems and processing steps.
SAP Cloud Platform Integration Architecture Overview
A typical SAP Cloud Platform Integration architecture contains several logical layers.
The sender layer contains applications that initiate communication. These can include SAP S/4HANA, SAP SuccessFactors, Salesforce, custom applications, databases, or external APIs.
The integration layer contains integration flows and processing components. This is where messages are transformed, routed, validated, filtered, and processed.
The receiver layer contains systems that receive the processed information.
Connectivity components such as adapters provide communication between these systems and the integration runtime.
A simplified architecture can be represented as:
Sender → Sender Adapter → Integration Flow → Processing → Receiver Adapter → Receiver
The exact architecture depends on the integration scenario.
Main Components of SAP Cloud Platform Integration
SAP Cloud Platform Integration contains several components that work together.
The integration flow defines the processing logic.
The adapter provides communication with the source or target system.
The message processing components transform and control the message.
The integration runtime executes the integration flow.
The security configuration controls authentication and secure communication.
The monitoring capabilities provide information about message processing.
Destinations can provide connection information for applications and services that need to communicate with other systems.
These components form the technical foundation of an integration scenario.
Integration Flows
Integration flows, commonly called iFlows, are one of the main components of SAP Cloud Platform Integration.
An integration flow defines how a message moves through the integration platform.
A flow can start with a sender adapter. The message then passes through different processing steps. The flow ends with a receiver adapter that delivers the message to the target system.
For example:
SAP S/4HANA → IDoc Adapter → Mapping → Router → HTTP Adapter → External Application
Each component performs a specific function.
An integration flow can contain mapping, routing, filtering, content modification, conversion, scripting, validation, and exception handling.
This allows developers to create integration logic without building a separate custom application for every connection.
Sender and Receiver Systems
The sender is the system that starts the communication.
A sender can be an SAP application, third-party platform, web application, API client, or another integration process.
The receiver is the system that receives the processed message.
One integration flow can have one or more receiver scenarios depending on the architecture.
For example, an order from SAP S/4HANA could be sent to an external warehouse system and a reporting platform. A router can determine which receiver should receive specific information.
The sender and receiver configuration depends on the communication protocol and authentication requirements.
Adapters in SAP Cloud Platform Integration
Adapters connect integration flows to external systems.
Different applications use different protocols. Adapters provide the required communication mechanism.
Common adapter types include HTTP, SOAP, OData, SFTP, IDoc, and ProcessDirect.
The HTTP adapter can communicate with HTTP-based services and REST APIs. The SOAP adapter is used for SOAP web services. The SFTP adapter supports secure file-based communication.
The IDoc adapter supports SAP IDoc-based integration scenarios.
The OData adapter can communicate with OData services.
Choosing the correct adapter depends on the capabilities of the source or target system.
Integration Runtime
The integration runtime is responsible for executing integration flows.
After an integration flow is deployed, the runtime processes messages according to the configured logic.
For example, when an incoming request reaches an integration endpoint, the runtime can receive the message, execute mapping, apply routing conditions, call a receiver system, and process the response.
The runtime therefore provides the execution environment for integration processes.
Performance and processing requirements depend on message size, message volume, transformation complexity, network conditions, and the connected systems.
Message Processing
Message processing is the central activity inside an integration flow.
A message can contain business information such as customer data, sales orders, invoices, employee records, or product information.
The integration process can modify the message before sending it to the target system.
For example, a source system may provide customer information in XML:
<CustomerID>1001</CustomerID>
The target system may require a JSON structure with a different field name.
The integration flow can transform the message into the required structure.
Processing can also include validation, filtering, routing, enrichment, and conversion.
Message Mapping
Message mapping is used when source and target systems use different data structures.
For example, the source system may use:
Customer_ID
while the target system expects:
CustomerNumber
A mapping connects the source field with the corresponding target field.
Mapping can also perform transformations such as combining multiple fields, changing data types, applying conditions, and converting values.
SAP Cloud Platform Integration provides graphical mapping capabilities. Developers can also use other transformation methods when the integration scenario requires additional processing.
Routing and Content-Based Processing
Routing determines where a message should go based on defined conditions.
For example, an integration flow may receive orders from multiple countries. A router can send European orders to one processing path and North American orders to another.
Routing can also be based on message fields, headers, properties, or other conditions.
This allows a single integration flow to handle different business scenarios.
Content-based routing is useful when different data values require different processing logic.
Security Architecture
Security is an important component of SAP Cloud Platform Integration architecture.
The platform supports different authentication and authorization mechanisms depending on the integration scenario.
These can include OAuth, basic authentication, client certificates, and other supported security methods.
HTTPS can provide encrypted communication between systems.
Security configuration can also control access to integration endpoints and external resources.
Credentials should be managed through appropriate secure configuration mechanisms. Sensitive authentication information should not be unnecessarily embedded in integration scripts or message content.
The Role of Destinations
Destinations provide connection information that applications and services can use to access target systems.
A Destination can include information such as a target URL, authentication configuration, and other connection properties.
For example, an application may need to communicate with an external API. Instead of storing connection information directly inside application logic, the application can use a configured Destination.
Destinations can therefore separate connection configuration from application logic.
This can be useful when the same application needs to communicate with different systems across development, testing, and production environments.
The exact properties of Destinations depend on the target service and authentication method.
In an SAP cloud architecture, Destinations can also support standardized connectivity between applications and services.
APIs and Connectivity
APIs are another important part of SAP integration architecture.
An API provides a defined interface that allows one application to communicate with another application.
REST APIs commonly use HTTP methods such as GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE. Data is frequently exchanged using JSON.
SOAP services use XML-based messages and established web service standards.
SAP Cloud Platform Integration can consume and process API requests depending on the integration architecture.
For example:
External Application → REST API → Integration Flow → SAP S/4HANA API
The integration flow can validate and transform the incoming request before calling the SAP API.
Cloud-to-Cloud Architecture
Cloud-to-cloud integration connects applications operating in cloud environments.
An organization may use SAP S/4HANA Cloud, SAP SuccessFactors, Salesforce, and an external logistics platform.
Each application may have different APIs and data formats.
SAP Cloud Platform Integration can act as the central integration layer.
For example:
SAP SuccessFactors → Cloud Integration → External HR Platform
The integration flow receives employee information, processes the data, transforms the structure, and sends it to the external system.
This architecture supports centralized integration management across multiple cloud services.
Hybrid Integration Architecture
Many organizations use both cloud and on-premises systems.
For example, SAP S/4HANA or another SAP system may operate in an on-premises environment while a CRM application operates in the cloud.
A hybrid integration architecture connects these environments.
SAP Cloud Platform Integration can provide the cloud integration layer, while secure connectivity mechanisms connect cloud services with on-premises systems.
The architecture must consider network connectivity, authentication, firewall rules, certificates, data protection, and system availability.
Monitoring Architecture
Monitoring provides visibility into integration processing.
Administrators can inspect message processing and identify successful or failed messages.
Monitoring can help identify problems such as:
- Authentication failures
- Invalid message structures
- Mapping errors
- Unavailable endpoints
- Network problems
- Target-system errors
The exact monitoring information depends on the integration scenario and configured logging.
Monitoring is important because integration failures can affect multiple business processes.
Error Handling Architecture
Integration flows can include error-handling logic.
When a message fails, an exception subprocess can capture the error and execute a defined process.
For example, a failed message can be logged, sent to a separate error process, or handled according to a defined business rule.
Error handling should account for technical failures and business validation failures.
Technical failures may include connection problems or authentication errors. Business failures may occur when required information is missing or invalid.
Development, Testing, and Production
SAP Cloud Platform Integration projects commonly require separate environments for development, testing, and production.
The development environment is used to create and modify integration flows.
The testing environment is used to validate integration behavior before production deployment.
The production environment handles live business transactions.
Connection settings may differ between environments. Destinations can be useful when connection information needs to be configured according to the environment.
For example, a development system may use a test API endpoint while production uses a live endpoint.
Separating these environments reduces the risk of testing changes directly against live business systems.
SAP Cloud Platform Integration Architecture for S/4HANA
SAP S/4HANA can participate in integration scenarios using APIs, IDocs, OData services, and other supported technologies.
For example, an order can originate in an external application and be sent to SAP S/4HANA.
The integration architecture may look like:
E-Commerce Platform → REST API → Cloud Integration → Mapping → S/4HANA API
The integration flow can validate the order, transform the data, and send it to S/4HANA.
The exact architecture depends on the available interfaces and business requirements.
SAP Cloud Platform Integration Architecture for Third-Party Systems
Third-party applications can also be connected through SAP Cloud Platform Integration.
Examples include CRM systems, payment platforms, logistics applications, e-commerce platforms, marketing systems, and analytics tools.
A third-party application can send information through an API or file interface. SAP Cloud Platform Integration can process that information and send it to an SAP application.
This provides a structured integration layer between different technology platforms.
Common Architecture Patterns
SAP Cloud Platform Integration can support several common integration patterns.
Point-to-point integration connects two systems through a defined integration flow.
Request-response integration allows a sender to request information and receive a response.
Asynchronous integration allows messages to be processed without requiring an immediate response.
Scheduled integration processes information at defined times or intervals.
File-based integration exchanges information through files, commonly using SFTP.
The appropriate architecture depends on the business process, data volume, response requirements, security, and capabilities of the connected systems.
How the Components Work Together
The components of SAP Cloud Platform Integration are designed to work as a complete processing architecture.
A sender system initiates communication. The sender adapter receives the message. The integration runtime executes the integration flow.
Processing components transform and validate the message. A router can determine the correct processing path. A receiver adapter then communicates with the target system.
Security controls authentication and secure communication. Monitoring provides visibility into message processing.
Destinations can provide reusable connection information for supported application and service scenarios.
Together, these components provide the technical structure required for enterprise integration.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is SAP Cloud Platform Integration architecture?
SAP Cloud Platform Integration architecture defines how source systems, integration flows, adapters, processing components, security services, and target systems work together to exchange business information.
What are the main components of SAP Cloud Platform Integration?
The main components include integration flows, adapters, integration runtime, message processing components, mappings, routing, security, monitoring, and connectivity configuration.
What are Destinations in SAP Cloud Platform Integration?
Destinations provide connection information used by applications and services to communicate with target systems. They can include URLs, authentication settings, and other connection properties.
Why are adapters important?
Adapters provide communication between the integration platform and external systems. They support different protocols and technologies, including HTTP, SOAP, SFTP, OData, and IDoc.
What is an integration runtime?
The integration runtime executes deployed integration flows. It receives messages, processes integration logic, performs transformations, and communicates with target systems.
How does message mapping work?
Message mapping connects fields and structures from a source message to the format required by a target system. It can also transform values and data types.
Can SAP Cloud Platform Integration connect cloud and on-premises systems?
Yes. It can participate in hybrid integration architectures that connect cloud applications with on-premises SAP and non-SAP systems.
How does SAP Cloud Platform Integration handle security?
It supports multiple authentication and secure communication methods. The exact configuration depends on the connected systems and integration requirements.
Why are Destinations useful?
Destinations can separate connection information from application logic. This can make environment-specific connection management easier across development, testing, and production.
Conclusion
SAP Cloud Platform Integration architecture provides a structured framework for connecting SAP applications, third-party systems, APIs, and cloud services. Its architecture includes integration flows, adapters, runtime processing, message mapping, routing, security, monitoring, and error handling.
The integration flow defines how information moves through the platform. Adapters provide connectivity, while processing components transform and control the message. APIs support application communication, and monitoring provides visibility into integration activity.
Destinations are also an important part of SAP cloud connectivity because they can provide reusable connection information for applications and services.
A clear understanding of these components helps organizations design integration architectures for SAP S/4HANA, SAP SuccessFactors, cloud applications, APIs, and third-party systems. SAP Cloud Platform Integration, now part of SAP Integration Suite, provides the integration capabilities required to manage these connected business environments.







